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GENERAL EPISTLES
BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION
NOT A HAPPY TITLE
There are various explanations of the term catholic
(\katholikai epistolai\) as applied to this group of seven short
letters by four writers (one by James, two by Peter, one by Jude,
three by John). The Latin for \katholikos\ is _generalis_, though
the Vulgate terms these letters _Catholicae_. The meaning is not
orthodox as opposed to heretical or canonical, though they are
sometimes termed \Epistolae canonicae\. As a matter of fact five
of the seven (all but First Peter and First John) Eusebius placed
among the "disputed" (\antilegomena\) books of the New Testament.
"A canonical book is primarily one which has been measured and
tested, and secondarily that which is itself a measure or
standard" (Alfred Plummer). Canon is from \kanôn\ (cane) and is
like a yardstick cut to the right measure and then used as a
measure. Some see in the term \katholikos\ the idea that these
Epistles are meant for both Jews and Gentiles, but the Epistle of
James seems addressed to Jewish Christians. There were two other
chief groups of New Testament writings in the old Greek
manuscripts (the Gospels and Acts, then the Epistles of Paul).
This group of seven Epistles and the Apocalypse constitute the
remainder of the New Testament. The usual interpretation of the
term \katholikos\ here is that these seven Epistles were not
addressed to any particular church, but are general in their
distribution. This is clearly true of I Peter, as is shown by the
language in #1Pe 1:1|, where seven Roman provinces are mentioned.
The language of #2Pe 3:1| bears the same idea. Apparently the
Epistle of Jude is general also as is I John. But II John is
addressed to "an elect lady" (verse #2Jo 1:1|) and III John to
Gaius (verse #3Jo 1:1|), both of them individuals, and therefore
in no sense are these two brief letters general or catholic. The
earliest instance of the word \katholikos\ is in an inscription
(B.C. 6) with the meaning "general" (\têi katholikêi mou
prothesei\, my general purpose). It was common after that. The
earliest example of it in Christian literature is in Ignatius'
Epistle to the Church of Smyrna (VIII) where he has "the catholic
church" (\hê katholikê ekklêsia\), "the general church," not a
local body. Clement of Alexandria (_Strom_. IV. xv) applies this
adjective to the letter sent to the Gentile Christians "in
Antioch and Syria and Cilicia" from the Jerusalem Conference (#Ac
15:23|).
ORDER AND DATES
The oldest Greek manuscripts give these General Epistles
immediately after the Acts, and Westcott and Hort so print them
in their Greek New Testament. But the English Versions follow the
Textus Receptus and put them just before the Apocalypse. The
order of the seven letters varies greatly in the different
manuscripts, though usually James comes first and Jude last (as
the last accepted and the least known of the four authors). It is
possible that the order of James, Peter, and John (omitting Jude)
represented a sort of chronological precedence in some minds. It
is possible also that no importance is to be attached to this
order. Certainly John wrote last and after the destruction of
Jerusalem, while the others come before that great event if they
are genuine, as I believe, though there are difficulties of a
serious nature concerning II Peter. James may be very early. If
so, these seven Epistles are scattered all the way from A.D. 45
to 90. They have no connection with one another save in the case
of the Epistles of Peter and Jude.
IMPORTANCE OF THE GENERAL EPISTLES
Without them we should be deprived of much concerning
three outstanding personalities in early Christianity. We should
know much less of "James, and Cephas, and John, they who were
reputed to be pillars" (#Ga 2:9|). We should know less also of
the Judaic (not Judaizing) form of Christianity seen in the
Epistles of James and Jude in contrast with, though not opposed
to, the Pauline type. In Peter's Epistles we see, indeed, a
mediating position without compromise of principle, for Peter in
the Jerusalem Conference loyally supported Paul and Barnabas even
if he did flicker for a moment later in Antioch. In the Johannine
Epistles we see the great Eagle soar as in his Gospel in calm
serenity in spite of conflict with the Gnostics who struck at the
very life of Christianity itself. "The only opposition which
remains worthy of a Christian's consideration is that between
light and darkness, truth and falsehood, love and hate, God and
the world, Christ and Antichrist, life and death" (Plummer). So
we can be grateful for the preservation of these little Epistles
which reveal differences in the development of the great
Christian leaders and the adaptation of the gospel message to
changing world conditions then and now.